Polymers built from repeating monomer units include macromolecules of both synthetic and biological origin. While the chemical structure of the repeating units - similar to the structure of small molecules - can be easily identified by NMR and FT-IR analysis, size and mass analysis require specialized methods. Scattering methods such as static and dynamic light scattering (DLS), size exclusion chromatography (GPC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) with time-of-flight (ToF) analysis are well suited for this purpose. Simple classical methods such as viscometry and osmometry have been largely superseded in academic routine analysis. The viscosity of polymers in bulk and in solution can be easily determined by rheology even with comparatively small sample volumes, as can the storage and loss modulus of swollen polymer gels or polymer melts.
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